Rare earth elements and yttrium in ferromanganese deposits from the South China Sea: distribution, composition and resource considerations     

ZHONG Yi  CHEN Zhong  GONZALEZ Francisco Javier  ZHENG Xufeng  LI Gang  LUO Yun  MO Aibin  XU Antao  WANG Shuhong 《海洋学报(英文版)》2018,37(7):41-54

Ferromanganese nodules and crusts contain relatively high concentration of rare earth elements(REE) and yttrium(REY),with a growing interest in exploitation as an alternative to land-based REY resources.On the basis of comprehensive geochemical approach,the abundance and distribution of REY in the ferromanganese nodules from the South China Sea are analyzed.The results indicate that the REY contents in ferromanganese deposits show a clear geographic regularity.Total REY contents range from 69.1×10~(–6) to 2 919.4×10~(–6),with an average value of 1 459.5×10~(–6).Especially,the enrichment rate of Ce content is high,accounting for almost 60% of the total REY.This REE enrichment is controlled mainly by the sorption of ferromanganese oxides and clay minerals in the nodules and crusts.Moreover,the total REY are higher in ferromanganese deposits of hydrogenous origin than of diagenetic origin.Finally,Light REE(LREE) and heavy REE(HREE) oxides of the ferromanganese deposits in the study area can be classified into four grades: non-enriched type,weakly enriched type,enriched type,and extremely enriched type.According to the classification criteria of rare earth resources,the Xisha and Zhongsha platform-central deep basin areas show a great potential for these rare earth metals.  相似文献   

Greenhouse Gas Emission During Composting and Vermicomposting of Organic Wastes – A Review          下载免费PDF全文

Ankita Swati  Subrata Hait 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2018,46(6)

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跨海大桥建设对胶州湾北部冬季结冰现象的影响     

石晓雨  张日东  张文静  张可玟 《海洋通报》2018,(6):633-642

本文利用台站观测、卫星遥感以及专项调查等多种数据,综合分析了近年来胶州湾典型水文气象要素的变化特征及建桥前后水动力环境等的变化对冬季冰情的影响。结果显示,建桥以来冰情较重的年份冬季气温和年最低气温均处于近30年的低位,重冰期与年最低气温时段相吻合,且以跨海大桥为界,北部海湾结冰现象严重,而南部几乎无结冰。基于区域海洋水动力模型(ECOM)的模拟结果显示,跨海大桥建设可以从几个方面影响胶州湾北部海冰的生消,即大桥建设使胶州湾尤其是大桥北侧的水动力环境弱化,落潮时桥北侧水体堆积,涨潮时桥北侧向陆一侧水位减小;大桥对桥位南北1.5 km周围涨、落潮流场产生影响;流场的变化又使得悬浮物对流扩散和沉积物输运发生改变,大桥北侧局部区域水深变浅。  相似文献   

Metal flux as an alternative parameter in evaluating the resource potential for co-rich ferromanganese crusts     

Hisaaki Sato 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2018,36(7):768-780

We propose a geochemical parameter, “metal flux” in evaluating hydrogenetic Co-rich ferromanganese crust deposits in the Pacific seamount area, that is based on physical, chemical, and geological characterization of the integrated growth piles of crusts. We calculated the metal flux for fifteen sites from different depths ranging between 900-6000m from different seamounts. The secular and areal variations of metal flux indicate a strong geological controls, and also can be a reliable tool for estimating an economic potential of the crusts. The Co flux decreases with increasing water depth, followed by almost constant flux of Ni and Mn. The Al and Fe fluxes vary with regions, indicating higher values in the western regions near the island arc probably related to a supply from the Asian continents. The results imply that Co, a redox sensitive metal element, is controlled by redox conditions of seawater, while Fe and Al are by terrigenous input. The metal flux reflects global and regional conditions and controls the compositional diversity of metals, thus consequently, the parameter can be a reliable powerful tool to estimate or single out more potential areas.  相似文献   

STUDY FOR ABNORMAL VARIATIONS OF UNDERGROUND FLUID IN LIJIANG AREA,YUNNAN PROVINCE BEFORE LUDIAN M_S6.5 EARTHQUAKE IN 2014     

YANG Zhu-zhuan  DENG Zhi-hui  YANG Yue-wen  DENG Sheng-chang  LI Qing 《地震地质》2018,40(2):480-498

The study is based on the underground fluid observation data in Lijiang area, northwest Yunnan Province. The data include the water level and temperature in Dangxiao well and Jinjia well, and the ion measurements in Ganze spring. Combining with the data of regional hydrogeology, rainfall, well structures, and the geothermal gradient, we analyzed the variations of each measurement item before the Ludian M_S6.5 earthquake on August 3, 2014 and discussed the possible mechanism for the abnormal variations. The water levels of both Dangxiao well and Jinjia well are influenced by local rainfall, but the former shows hysteresis according to rainy seasons and is the long trend influence; while the latter shows synchronization between high water level and rainy season, indicating good connection between well water and shallow aquifer. The recharge water for Dangxiao well is in relatively low temperature, and the temperature sensor is located at the major connecting section between the well water and the aquifer; the water temperature variation is mainly affected by the discharge status and variation of water level. The Jinjia well is always in static level, and the temperature sensor is below the major connecting section between the well water and aquifer, so the water temperature is affected little by water level variations and in smooth fluctuation. The recharge source for Ganze spring can generally increase the contents of calcium and magnesium ions, so does the conductivity. The water level data of Dangxiao well since 2012 are decomposed with wavelet technique. The results, excluding such high-frequency components as the noise and the semidiurnal and daily wave components influenced by earth tide, are further processed with difference method in order to eliminate the trend effect. The results show that the relative change of water level is enhanced and in relatively rapid increase before the Ludian M_S6.5 earthquake; the corresponding water temperature values are high. The tendency of water level in Jinjia well displays descending, while the corresponding water temperature shows ascending. The content of calcium ion, magnesium ion, bicarbonate ion, and conductivity of Ganze spring are descending, while the content of fluoride ion is ascending. The abnormal variations of underground fluid in Lijiang area appeared in turns and were accompanied with minor earthquakes before Ludian M_S6.5 earthquake, which indicates enhancing of regional stress and increasing of fluid activity.  相似文献   

Stratification response of soil water content during rainfall events under different rainfall patterns   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

Yinglan A  Guoqiang Wang  Wenchao Sun  Baolin Xue  Anthony Kiem 《水文研究》2018,32(20):3128-3139

Many researchers have studied the influence of rainfall patterns on soil water movement processes using rainfall simulation experiments. However, less attention has been paid to the influence under natural condition. In this paper, rainfall, soil water content (SWC), and soil temperature at 10‐, 20‐, 30‐, 40‐, and 50‐cm depths were simultaneously monitored at 1‐min intervals to measure the variation in SWC (SWCv) in response to rainfall under different rainfall patterns. First, we classified rainfall events into four patterns. During the study period, the main pattern was the advanced rainfall pattern (38% of all rainfall events), whereas the delayed, central, and uniform rainfall patterns had similar frequencies of about 20%. During natural rainfall, rainwater rapidly passed through the top soil layers (10–40 cm) and was accumulated in the bottom layer (50 cm). When a high rainfall pulse occurred, the water storage balance was disturbed, resulting in the drainage of initial soil water from the top layers into the deeper layers. Therefore, the critical function of the top layers and the bottom layers was infiltration and storage, respectively. The source of water stored in the bottom layer was not only rainfall but also the initial soil water in the upper soil layers. Changes in soil temperature at each soil depth were comonitored with SWCv to determine the movement characteristics of soil water under different rainfall patterns. Under the delayed rainfall pattern, preferential flows preferred to occur. Under the other rainfall patterns, matrix flow was the main form of soil water movement. Rainfall amount was a better indicator than rainfall intensity for SWCv in the bottom layer under the delayed rainfall pattern. These results provide insights into the responses of SWCv under different rainfall patterns in northern China.  相似文献   

汾河流域城乡聚落体系发展潜能测度及空间模式探究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

侯志华  刘敏  樊晓霞  贾宇平 《地理科学》2020,40(12):1978-1989

以11 188个自然聚落斑块为研究对象，基于场强模型，定量测度汾河流域城乡聚落体系发展潜能，借助GIS技术和地理探测器模型，分析其空间格局特征及驱动因素，进而探讨流域城乡融合发展空间模式。结果表明：① 城乡聚落斑块发展潜能差异显著，且空间分布极不均衡；纵向上中游流域高于下游流域高于上游流域，横向上河谷盆地区高于周边缓丘区高于两侧山丘区。② 聚落斑块发展潜能具有正向空间自相关性，高值斑块聚类显著；具有空间异质性特征且方向性明显，汾河主河道方向联动效应最强，空间联系最紧密；存在局域热点区，并呈现“主核–廊道–次核”的空间结构形态。③ 自然基础、社会经济发展水平和区位条件共同影响着城乡聚落体系发展潜质及空间结构形态；融合发展采取非均衡增长路径，市、县、镇、村全局考虑，构建“强化核心点–培育发展轴–扶持特色区–带动全流域”的逐层推进式空间发展模式。  相似文献   

近30 a甘肃省河东地区极端气温指数时空变化特征及趋势预测          下载免费PDF全文

黄浩  张勃  黄涛  王怀军  马尚谦  马彬  王晓丹  崔艳强 《干旱区地理》2020,43(2):319-328

基于甘肃省河东地区61个气象站点1988—2017年逐日气温数据，利用Mann-Kendall检验，Sen’s斜率估计方法分析甘肃省河东地区极端气温指数的时空变化趋势，并探讨极端气温指数与其影响因素之间的关系，最后利用NAR神经网络结合Hurst指数对甘肃省河东地区极端气温指数变化进行预测分析。结果表明：(1)从时间上看，冷极值相对指数呈下降趋势，冷极值绝对指数、暖极值以及气温日较差、作物生长期呈上升趋势。(2)从空间上看，对冷极值变化反应最为敏感的是高寒湿润区，对暖极值变化反应最为敏感的是温带半湿润区和北亚热带湿润区，除北亚热带湿润区外各区域作物生长期的变化都达到了显著水平，而气温日较差仅在温带半湿润区达到了显著水平。(3)多数极端气温指数与经纬度、海拔之间有显著相关性，但受区域自然特点影响，经度与海拔对其影响实为一类。(4)亚洲区极涡强度、北半球极涡强度以及青藏高原指数B与极端气温指数变化有密切关系，而太阳黑子等只与个别指数之间存在显著的相关性。(5)预测出的极端气温指数冷极值相对指数仍呈现下降趋势，冷极值的绝对指数、暖极值以及气温日较差、作物生长期仍然呈现增加趋势，但大多数指数与1988—2017年相比变化幅度有所降低。（6）与其他区域相比甘肃省河东地区大多数气温指数变化幅度处于中间水平，表现出其为多种不同气候区、自然区交界地带的特色。  相似文献   

印度河流域气温、降水、蒸发及干旱变化特征          下载免费PDF全文

赵建婷  王艳君  苏布达  陶辉  姜彤 《干旱区地理》2020,43(2):349-359

基于印度河流域及周围54个地面气象站气温、降水资料，结合CRU气温和GPCC降水全球格点化陆面再分析资料，通过插值构建了一套0.5°×0.5°分辨率1980—2016年逐月格点数据集。采用Thornthwaite方法计算了潜在蒸散发，基于标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI），探讨了印度河流域气候变化及干旱演变特征。结果表明：（1）1980—2016年，印度河流域年平均气温以0.30℃·（10 a）^-1的速率呈显著上升趋势，21世纪初增温幅度最大；干季（11月~次年4月）升温速率较快，达0.36℃·（10 a）^-1，湿季（5~10月）增速0.25℃·（10 a）^-1。年降水量呈现少雨—多雨—少雨—多雨年代际振荡。伴随着持续升温，年和各季的潜在蒸发量增加显著。干季干旱频率较多，但湿季干旱强度高，各季干旱频率与降水呈现较一致的年代际波动；干旱的影响面积在干季呈现微弱地增加趋势，湿季却略有减少趋势。（2）空间上，除西北局部，流域其他区域的年和季平均气温、潜在蒸发量增加趋势显著，均达到95%置信水平。其中南部平原和东北山区升温幅度较高，南部平原区潜在蒸发量增加也较大。新德里到喀布尔的东南至西北带状区域的年和湿季降水量，以及喀布尔周围地区的干季降水量呈显著增加趋势。东南平原区和东北局部山区的干季，以及东北和西南局部山区的湿季呈现显著的干旱化态势，需要加强防灾减灾的意识并采取相应措施，以规避干旱增多带来的不利影响。  相似文献   

南沙他国侵占岛礁战略价值及空间格局评价     

闵开付  程亮  周晓  夏南  李宁  李满春 《热带地理》2020,40(4):684-693

从建岛潜力、岛礁辐射能力和岛礁承载能力3个方面选取26个指标，采用主客观综合赋权法确定各因子权重，利用线性加权法获得被越南、菲律宾、马来西亚、文莱等国所侵占的南沙44个岛礁的战略价值，并对结果进行空间插值，分析其空间格局特征。结果表明：1）被马来西亚侵占的弹丸礁、越南侵占的南威岛、以及菲律宾侵占的中业岛，其战略价值位列前3，评价得分分别为100、98.42和97.09。2）岛礁辐射能力空间分布格局呈现“NW—SE条带式”，“最高”和“高”等级的区域由研究区西北延伸至东南，然后向东北、西南两侧递减，辐射能力格局中有2个核心区域和2个次级核心区域。承载能力空间分布格局呈现“横向条带式”，由北向南越来越低，有1个核心区域和2个次级核心区域。建岛潜力空间分布格局有3个核心区域及2个次级核心区域。3）岛礁战略价值空间分布格局有3个核心区域，分布于研究区中部、北部及南部，与越南、菲律宾、马来西亚密切相关的核心区域各有1个。越南侵占岛礁最多且空间分布较广，有2个次级核心区域也与越南密切相关，越占岛礁若进一步建设，将形成多核心协同的战略格局，需密切关注。  相似文献